If Abandon Conditional Green Card Can I Apply Again
Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.
Vocabulary: Environmental and surroundings. Issues of big cities.
Grammar: Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.
Содержание темы
- Types of Conditionals.
- Mixed Conditionals.
- Other tenses in conditional sentences.
- The Subjunctive.
- Nowadays and past reference with 'I wish', 'if only' and 'information technology's (high) time'.
- Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if only.
- 'Would' and 'could' after 'I wish' and 'if but'.
- 'It'southward (high) fourth dimension' and 'It's (about) time'.
- Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'.
- Expressing preferences almost other people's deportment.
- 'I'd rather.
Grammar
Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.
Blazon I Настоящее время | If-придаточое прдложение (hypothesis) + Presen Tenses | Hereafter/Imperatie/can/may/might/must/should + Инфинитив без to |
if + любая форма настоящего времени (Present South., Present Cont. or Present Pert.) | ||
If you finish work early, nosotros'll get for a walk. | ||
If the weather is nice, we'll become swimming. | ||
Действия, которые совершаться в настоящем или будущем времени | ||
If you have finished your coffee, we can pay the bill. | ||
If you lot're ill, come across a md! If y'all burn yourself, it hurts. | ||
Blazon II Не реальные действия для настоящего или будущего | If + Past Simple or By Continuous | would/could/might + bare infinitive |
If I had coin, I would travel round the world. (only I don't have money - untrue in the nowadays) | ||
If I were a bird, I could fly. | ||
Нереальные, которые не совершатся. Для настоящего или будущего времени. | ||
If I were you, I would take an umbrella, (advice) | ||
Blazon 3 Не реальные действия для прошедшего времени | If + By Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous | would/could/might + have + past participle |
If we hadn't left and so early on, we would accept missed the plane. | ||
If I had been invited, I would have gone to the political party. | ||
If you had told me before about your issues, I would take helped y'all , but now it's also late. | Нереальные, которые не совершились. Для прошедшего времени. | |
If the weather hadn't been so nasty yesterday, we would non have stayed at domicile all 24-hour interval long. | ||
Expressions
Conditionals are usually introduced past IF; the following expressions can be uses in stead of IF: providing, provided (that), every bit long equally, in case, on status (that), but for (=without), otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, even if, simply if, unless.
2.1 If only : This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations. With past events information technology adds a sense of regret. The 2nd part of the sentence is often left out.
If only I had plenty time!
If only I hadn 't drunkard too much, this wouldn 't take happened!
two.2 Unless and other alternatives
Unless merely if not. Non all negative IF-sentences can be transformed into unless sentences.
If he wasn 't told by Jane, he couldn 't have known .
Unless he was told by Jane, he couldn 't take known , (can exist changed)
If Mr Smith doesn 't come dorsum , he 'II phone y'all. (cannot exist inverse)
If 1 situation depends on another, it can be replaced by every bit/and then long as, provided or simply if .
2.iii Only if combines with other time expressions and is used with by unproblematic
Only later on posting the letter of the alphabet did I retrieve that I had forgotten to put on a stamp. (inversion)
I'll do what you say provided the law are not informed.
2.4 Even if describes how something will happen any the condition.
Fifty-fifty if information technology rains , nosotros'll still get for a picnic.
2.5 Only for him , I wouldn't take been able to survive. (If he hadn't helped me…)
two.6 Supposing information technology rains, volition you all the same go for a picnic?
two.7 What if it rains, will you get for a walk?
two.8 We can omit "if", when should, were and had come earlier the subject.
Should, come , tell him to wait for me.
Were you, I would speak to her. known , he would have told usa.
iv. Other tenses in conditional sentences
4.i Going to Going to can replace volition.
If y'all fall, you 're going to hurt yourself.
If yous 're going to make trouble, we '2 call the police.
4.2 Nowadays perfect This can be used to emphasis completion afterward if.
If you' ve finished , then we'll go. It is besides possible in both parts of the sentence.
If I've told yous one time, I've told you lot a hundred times!
iv.iii Dubiety and uncertainty
An boosted not tin can be added in formal expressions involving dubiety. This emphasizes the dubiousness and does not add together a negative pregnant.
I wouldn 't be surprised if it didn 't rain. (I think it will pelting.)
four.4 Should
if, this makes the possibility of an event seem unlikely.
If you should see Ann, could you lot ask her to phone call me?
This implies that I do not look you to run across Ann.
4.5 Were to This also makes an event seem more hypothetical.
If I were to ask you to marry me, what would you say?
4.6 Happen to
This emphasizes gamble possibilities. It is oftentimes used with should.
If you happen to meet Helen, could yous ask her to call me?
If you should happen to be passing, drib in for a loving cup of tea.
4.vii If information technology were non for/If information technology hadn 't been for
This describes how one upshot depends on another.
If it weren 't for Jim, this company would be in a mess.
If it hadn 't been for their goalkeeper, United would have lost.
4.8 Volition and would : politeness and accent These tin can be used as polite forms.
If y'all will/would await here, I'll see if Mrs Green is gratuitous.
Will tin can too exist used for emphasis, meaning 'insist on doing'.
If you will stay out late, no wonder you are tired! (insist on staying)
four.9 If and adjectives
In expressions such as if information technology is necessary/possible it is possible to omit the verb be. If interested, apply within. If necessary, have a taxi.
4.10 Formally if can mean although , usually every bit if + adjective.
The room was well-furnished, if a trivial badly decorated.
five.ane Subjunctive sentences: SUBJECT + VERB + THAT + SUBJECT + INF. without to
John'south mother insisted that he return habitation early.
5.two. Subjunctive обозначает особую группу глагольных временных форм (типа pres . — be ; by — were for all persons — для глагола to exist или infinitive without to — для других глаголов), используемых для описания событий, которые вряд ли когда-либо будут иметь место, но которые являются предметом наших надежд, мечтаний, желаний.
5.3 The Present Subjunctive
The Present Subjunctive is used after | |
Verbs | Impersonal expressions |
Indicating that one person wants another i to practise something | |
Propose, social club, need, ask, crave, recommend, command, suggest, insist, propose | It is necessary, important, proposed, recommended, suggested |
He suggested that she become there. He suggested that they should become there. | It is suggested that she become there |
5.4 Annotation the divergence:
British variant: I insist that you should leave without her.
It is recommended that you should publish your book.
American variant: I insist that you leave without her.
It is recommended that you publish your book
5.5 The Past Subjunctive prefers to employ were instead of was.
She behaves as if she were / was a queen.
I wish it were true
6. Present and past reference with 'I wish', 'if only' and 'it'due south (high) time'
(I) wish, if merely. information technology'due south (high) fourth dimension and it'due south (about) fourth dimension, we 'go i tense dorsum':
1 The past tense refers to the nowadays: I wish I had a amend watch! (At present)
2 The by perfect tense refers to the past: If simply yous had asked me first! (THEN)
7. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if only
7.one We often apply I wish for things that might (notwithstanding) happen:
I wish I knew the answer! (= it's possible I might notice out the respond)
If only is stronger. We apply information technology to express regret for things that can (now) never happen:
If simply your female parent were live now! (Of course, / wish is besides possible.)
7.2 We may use the simple by of be afterward wish and if only
I wish I was on holiday now. If only Tessa was here now!
If we want to be more than formal, we utilize were in all persons
I wish I were on vacation at present. If only Tessa were here!
7.three We may employ the past perfect of be for things that can never happen:
I wish I had been on holiday concluding week. If only Tessa had been here yesterday!
7.4 We use the past or past perfect forms of other verbs:
I wish I knew the respond to your question.
I wish I had known and then what I know now!
8. 'Would' and 'could' later on 'I wish' and 'if only'
Nosotros must apply could, not would, after /and nosotros. Compare:
I can't swim. → I wish I could swim.
Nosotros weren't together! → I wish we could take been together
We sometimes use / wish you (he. she. etc.) would(n't) like an imperative:
(I am making a lot of dissonance!) → I wish yous wouldn't brand so much noise!
(He is making a lot of racket!) → I wish he would be quiet!
nine. 'It's (high) fourth dimension' and 'It's (about) time'
We apply It's time, Information technology's high fourth dimension and information technology'southward about time to limited present or future wishes, or to express our impatience about things that haven't happened nonetheless:
Kim can't fifty-fifty boil an egg. - I know.
It'southward time/high time/near time she learnt to cook!
10. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'
We utilise would rather and would sooner to limited preference.
We can refer to the present or the future:
I'd rather/I'd sooner exist a builder than an architect.
Or nosotros can refer to the past:
If I could cull once more, I'd rather/sooner accept been a builder than an architect.
xi. Expressing preferences about other people's actions
11.one We can refer to other people afterwards I'd rather or I'd sooner.
I'd rather go out on an before train. (= I'1000 referring to myself)
I'd rather Jack left on an earlier train. ( I want him to get out)
11.ii We use the past tense form afterwards I'd rather to refer to the present or future.
I'd rather be happy. I'd rather non sit next to her. (= for myself)
I'd rather she were/was happy. (= now)
I'd rather she didn't sit next to me. (= now)
11.three We use the past perfect form after I'd rather to refer to past time.
I'd rather have been present. (= so - I'k referring to myself)
I'd rather yous had been present, (then)
I'd rather yous hadn't told me almost it. (so)
12. 'I'd rather he didn't'
We generally omit the principal part of the verb in short responses:
12.1 negative responses:
Frank is going to buy a motorbike. - I'd rather he didn't.
I′ve told everyone about information technology. - I'd rather you hadn't.
12.2 affirmative responses:
Frank won't surrender his present job. - I'd rather he did.
I haven't told anyone about it. - I'd rather you had.
12.iii Nosotros do not have to repeat the main verb in a complete sentence:
You lot always go without me and I'd rather yous didn't.
Vocabulary
Ecology and environment. Bug of large cities.
Written report the of import vocabulary:
1. The weather:
Common cold conditions: the dank days of fall, cold days of wintertime, frosts, icy roads, sleet rain and snow, astringent blizzards, snowdrifts, freezing weather condition, the basis thaws, water ice melts.
Warm/hot weather: close, stifling, boiling, scorching, boiling, mild, heatwave
Wet weather: clammy, drizzle, shower, pour down / downpour, storm, thunderstorm, torrential pelting, flood; brume/hazy, mist/misty, fog/foggy, smog
Wind: gentle breeze, expert current of air, blustery day, gale alarm, hurricane
2. The Natural World:
Animals: species, reptile, dinosaur, bird, fish, gills, mammal, nest, wing, tail, claws, paw, hoof; Flowers and copse: pollen, leaves, branch, body, roots, bark; Names of trees: oak, fir, evergreen pine, birch; Verbs: to flower/blossom, extinct, hibernate, thrive, choice flowers, plant, fertilize, harvest crops.
3. The environment:
Brook, stream, river; hillock, hill, mountain; cove, bay, gulf; copse, forest, woods; pool, swimming, lake; footpath, lane, route
Where country meets sea: coast, shore, beach, estuary, cliff, greatcoat, peninsula;
Words continued with rivers: source, tributary, waterfall, mouth, valley, gorge; Words connected with mountains: foot, ridge, tiptop, height, glacier;
4. Environmental problems:
air, river and sea pollution; overfishing, the greenhouse outcome, the devastation of the ozone layer, the destruction of the rainforests, battery farming, waste disposal, rubbish, re-cycling
Nosotros should: avoid spray cans, practice organic farming, use unleaded petrol, recycle newspaper and bottle banks
Problems: overpopulation, unemployment , famine, ignorance, diseases
Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы
Grammar
ane. I finished digging in one-half an hour just I felt as if I ____ for hours.
- worked
- had worked
- work
- have worked
2. It's time nosotros ____ our parents. We ____ them for ____ long time.
- visited, haven't visited, such
- have visited, didn't see, so
- had visited, hadn't seen, a very
- visited, haven't seen, such a
3. If I had known that he needed money, I ____ him some. I had ____ dollars to spare.
- would have borrowed, some
- might give, few
- would give, a little
- would have lent, a few
4. His gesture ____ impatience. He looked as if he ____ for hours.
- indicated, is waiting
- offered, had waited
- suggested, had been waiting
- showed, waited
5. He had written his address down the last morning, she remembered, and said that if she ____ to Paris he ____ happy to meet her again.
- had ever come up, will experience
- comes, will be
- would come, may exist
- ever came, would be
6. Minnie had a souvenir for mathematics and probably could get ____ didactics in the department if she ____ it upon graduation.
- a chore, wanted
- work, will take wanted
- job, wished
- a position, wants
7. He stood stiff and impotent with acrimony. She stared into the mirror as if he ____.
- doesn't exist
- didn't be
- hadn't existed
- won't exist
8. If only nosotros ____ a phone! I'one thousand tired of queueing exterior the public telephone box.
- had had
- had
- have had
- can have
nine. He said that if the war ____ he would have to leave the country at once.
- breaks out
- broken out
- bankrupt out
- will interruption out
10. Then he said: "If this man ____, the whole dirty story will come out, and I don't want it ____ ."
- volition be arrested, come out
- is arrested, to come out
- will arrest, coming out
- is existence arrested, to come out
11. "In that location are ____ institutions, of class, simply it'south not very piece of cake to go into them unless you lot ____ influential friends."
- charitable, haven't got
- charity's, take got
- charity, don't have
- charity, have
12. "If nothing ____ , said she, beaming at them, we shall be back in England for ____ Christmas."
- will happen, -
- happened, a
- happens, -
- volition have happened, the
thirteen. At ____ dawn she looked weak and pale, as though she ____ up all night.
- - , had been
- the, were
- a, was
- - , has been
xiv. They all acted as if they ____ at a family reunion, as if they ____ each other in years.
- had been, didn't see
- were, hadn't seen
- were, haven't seen
- have been, hadn't seen
15. I realized that if they ____ their heads, they ____ my pale face looking at them over the pile of suitcases.
- had turned, can see
- turned, would exist able to see
- volition turn, volition run across
- have turned, would see
16. "I have some work that ____ exist finished before I ____ on my holiday."
- would, will go away
- ought, am away
- should, will get away
- must, get away
17. If Martin ____ her ____ that mode he ____ have taken offence.
- hears, speaking, tin
- had heard, speak, would
- heard, to speak, might
- had heard, speak, must
18. They took care of her as though they ____ her parents.
- are
- were
- had been
- take been
19. I ____ to help if I ____ I would be whatever utilize.
- would suggest, idea
- volition propose, could have thought
- might suggest, could recollect
- would offer, thought
twenty. Information technology was long ____ I had last seen her and if someone had not mentioned her proper name I ____ her.
- since, mustn't take recognized
- from, shouldn't recognize
- since, wouldn't have recognized
- while, couldn't have recognized
21. It's high time you lot ____ in ____ bed too, my kid.
- are, -
- must be, the
- were, -
- should be, a
22. If I hadn't been there something very unpleasant ____ to him.
- could happen
- might accept happened
- was to happen
- must have happened
23. If he ____ at once he might have saved u.s. a lot of trouble.
- were sent for
- is sent for
- had been sent for
- will be sent for
24. I could not imagine ____ wishing to spend three months in that location; unless it ____ somebody who wanted to hibernate.
- none, was
- someone, was not
- people, were non
- anyone, was
25. He looked at me as if he ____ what they had on their minds.
- is wondering
- has been wondering
- were wondering
- had been wondered
26. I wished that Thomas ____ me there.
- has not brought
- had not brought
- does not bring
- was not brought
27. "Only nosotros ____ in briefing for ii hours," he said. "It's loftier time ____ a tea break."
- are, having had
- were, we accept
- have been existence, to accept
- accept been, we had
28. If John ____ to see a dentist, let him ____ toothache.
- is refusing, to suffer
- refuses, endure
- refused, suffering
- will decline, suffering
29. "You had better ____ home. You're likely to get into trouble if you ____ here."
- go, stay
- to get, have stayed
- bustle, volition stay
- to hurry, are staying
30. If we ____ waterproof coats it ____ pleasant enough to drive in that spring rain.
- had had, would take been
- have had, would be
- shall have, is
- are having, will be
31. He wondered a little ruefully only what Dad ____ if he ____ about his relations with Jan.
- would say, knew
- might say, had known
- would have said, learns
- should say, has learned
32. And then he saw that Doreen ____ , and he felt every bit though someone ____ him in the breadbasket.
- was crying, has kicked
- had been cried, kicked
- had been crying, had kicked
- cried, had been kicked
33. She scarcely seemed ____ what they were proverb. Information technology was as though information technology ____ her.
- hearing, did not concern
- to hear, did non business
- listening, was non apropos
- to sympathize, had not concerned
34. She remembered equally though it ____ just yesterday the offset time she ____ them.
- were, was meeting
- was, has met
- has been, met
- had been, had met
i) will be, are ... discussing
2) were, were ... discussing
3) has been, would ... talk over
4) was, will... discuss
36. If you away with him, go at once, but don't ask me him.
1) will go, to meet
2) will be going, to have met
3) are going, to meet
4) have gone, to exist meeting
37. I'm not a poet. Merely if I poems I dedicate them to you.
1) would, will
2) can, shall
3) could, would
4) can, would
38. If I y'all then, what y'all take done?
ane) didn't assist, would
2) hadn't helped, would
3) didn't, will
4) haven't helped, will
39. I wish I poet to describe it to y'all.
one) were, a
2) am, a
3) had been, the
4) was, the
40. I'm tired. Information technology's loftier time you and me in peace.
1) get, get out
2) take gone, have left
three) would have gone, get out
4) went, left
41. Why that pie last dark? I wish I that pie concluding night.
1) did I eat, had eaten
2) did I eat, hadn't eaten
3) accept I eaten, hadn't eaten
four) did I swallow, didn't eat
42. If she he was going to be aroused about it, she that.
1) knew, won't do
ii) knows, wouldn't exercise
3) had known, wouldn't have done
iv) would know, have done
43. Y'all wouldn't be so tired today if you lot to bed when I told you lot to. Something should be done to help you.
44. If you lot your medicine yesterday, you today.
1) had taken, would be well
2) took, would be better
3) take, will be good
iv) take taken, would have been well
45. If he such bad writing, I these letters.
one) didn't accept, can have read
2) didn't have, could read
3) hadn't had, can read
4) didn't take, could have read
46. Why didn't I ask her out? If but I her out! Everything .
1) ask, will change
2) asked, would alter
3) had asked, would have inverse
4) would ask, had changed
47. If I overseas instead of him, I something and somebody.
1) would get, earnt, were
2) would have gone, have learnt, been
3) had gone, might have learnt, been
four) went, may learn, be
48. If she with him at this moment, the doubtfulness and loneliness evaporate. But he was alone.
i) was, volition
2) were, would
3) take been, would
iv) had been, would have
52. I shall go there provided you to accompany me. Information technology's high time you ____ rything.
1) would consent, are knowing
ii) will consent, accept known
3) would accept consented, know
4) consent, knew
53. If he your remark, he offence. And what's more, I've just told y'all that talking mends no holes.
one) had heard, would take
2) heard, would take
3) have heard, would have taken
4) had heard, would have taken
54. He speaks as if he the subject very well.
ane) had known
two) is knowing
3) has known
4) knew
1) were, would have checked
2) were, would check
iii) am, volition cheque
4) had been, would check
56. If I a spare ticket tonight I you to the concert.
1) volition take, will take
2) had, would have
iii) will accept had, can take
4) had had, could have
57. If the snake bite poisonous, you lot very bad at present.
i) was, volition feel
2) had been, are feeling
iii) were, would have felt
4) had been, would feel
58. If she some lessons, she her functioning.
1) can have, might improve
2) could have, might improve
3) could have had, may improve
four) could have, might to improve
i) will turn abroad, existence
ii) volition be turning from, have been
3) turn down, be
4) have turned against, to be
1) If had he been, would have accompanied, might not take identify
2) Had he been, would have accompanied, might non have taken place
3) Had he been, would accompany, might not have taken place
4) If he had been, would accompany, might not accept identify
61. If they hither, I so glad, as they everything to me.
1) would be, were, would explicate
2) were, should exist, explained
3) would be, were, explained
4) were, should be, would explain
62. If that you he very glad.
1) I had told him, would come, would take been
2) had I told him, would come, had been
three) I told him, would have come, would have been
4) I should tell him, would come, had been
63. If you us then, all the differences might .
64. If you Dr. Smith earlier, yous sick now.
1) consult, will exist
ii) didn't consult, can exist
3) had consulted, wouldn't be
4) have consulted, won't exist
65. If we the question at that meeting, our demands .
one) had raised, would have been met
2) raised, would meet
three) rise, would be met
4) accept raised, won't be met
66. If it nighttime, we our manner.
ane) is, would take lost
2) hadn' t been, might not have lost
3) wasn't, can accept lost
iv) were, volition lose
67. I wish you rude remarks virtually me.
ii) are not making
3) wouldn't make
4) hadn't fabricated
68. He looked at his sister as if he anything like her.
1) didn't always seen
2) has never seen
iii) can't encounter
4) had never seen
69. The exams . It'due south time we down to piece of work.
1) are coming, got
2) come, go
iii) will come, are getting
4) accept come, are
70. I wish more people in the office your sense of humour, Jack.
one) take
two) can accept
3) will have
4) had
Vocabulary
i. Find the correct word.
- During the storm, the climbers sheltered in a cave/cliff/valley.
- The fields were flooded after the river burst its banks/edges/sides.
- In the center of the square in that location is an old fountain/source/tap.
- Later the rain the street was total of floods/lakes/puddles.
- A small river/stream/torrent runs beyond the lesser of our garden.
- You must carry a lot of h2o when you cantankerous the desert/plain/sand.
- From the peak/summit/top of the hill you tin can see the body of water.
- It was difficult to swim because the waters/waves/tides were so high.
- I think information technology'south going to rain. Information technology'south very overcast/clouding/cloudy.
- The church caught burn when it was struck past hurricane/lightning/thunder.
2. Choose the right variant:
i. Many people are interested in watching............
1) wildlife 2) wilds iii) wilderness
2.The dog.........its tail furiously when it saw the children.
one) shook 2) wagged three) moved
three. A large.........of the tree bankrupt off in the storm.
1) trunk 2) bark 3) branch
four. The children enjoyed rolling down the grassy............
1) mount 2) cliff three) slope
5. There was field later field of gilded..........waving in the wind.
1) corn 2) bushes three) herbs
6. You have to sleep under a net to avoid existence bitten by...........
1) lobsters 2) cockroaches 3) mosquitoes
7. Before railways were built, many goods were carried on..........
1) channels two) canals 3) river.
8. Some wild animals will become.........if they go used to people.
1) tame 2) organised three) petty
3. Put the right word in each infinite:
- We collect beloved from our own bee.....................
- At that place'due south a rabbit....................in the corner of this field.
- There'south a drinking....................on the other side of the park.
- The hill....................was covered in beautiful wild flowers.
- What's the weather....................for tomorrow?
- You can come across the mountain....................amongst the clouds in the altitude.
4. Cull the correct respond:
- In that location has been another increase/ascension in the amount of crime.
- The train was in accident/standoff with a coach on a level crossing.
- Many people were injured when the edifice demolished/collapsed.
- No ships are sailing today considering of the loftier/storm winds.
- The government has announced plans to help the poor/poverty.
- Everyone agrees that the environment/nature must be protected.
- At that place are few jobs hither and many people are away from work/unemployed.
- The driver of the bus admitted that he had done/made an error.
- There was a large demonstration/manifestation against nuclear power.
5. Put the correct word in each space:
- Nutrient has been sent to areas in Africa suffering from........................
- Many people live in overcrowded.......................on the edge of the city.
- The price of.......................has risen steadily this year.
- Thousands of buildings savage downward during a astringent........................
- The eruption of the volcano was a terrible........................
- Hundreds of people were drowned during the.......................in China.
- Big cities face the trouble of what to do with household........................
- Doctors announced that in that location was now a cure for the........................
TEXT
Radar
On May seventh, 1915, during the First World War (1914-1918), a large British rider send, the Lusitania, was sailing in perfect conditions from America to England, with 2 grand people on board. Suddenly, at about half past two in the afternoon, there were two fearful explosions. The ship shook from end to terminate, and many people were thrown off their feet. A German submarine had fired at the Lusitania and blown two holes in her bottom. The sea rushed into her engine-rooms, and virtually immediately the send began to sink.
She sank in merely twenty minutes; and nearly m people lost their lives.
The captain could non see the submarine that attacked his ship, and he had no instrument to show him the danger. At present the danger of surprise attacks against ships and collisions with icebergs is profoundly reduced by radar. This radio musical instrument finds the position and distance of objects which the homo eye may not be able to see; it also records the direction and speed of moving objects, such every bit ships and aeroplanes. Radar can choice out objects more than a hundred miles away in the worst weather atmospheric condition, when we tin see perhaps no farther than a hundred yards.
Radar works in this way. Powerful transmitters send out a stream of radio-waves, chosen "pulses", at the rate of peradventure yard every 2nd. These pulses shoot through the air at a speed of one hundred and eighty-six grand miles a 2d till they striking an object, perhaps a ship, an aeroplane, an iceberg or a hill. These pulses cannot go through the object; and then they immediately shoot dorsum at the same speed, in the opposite management, and hitting the aerial of the radar. The moment this happens, a spot or line of lite appears on the radar screen, showing the position and distance of the object.
Today radar is used for many peaceful purposes all over the globe. Mod ships of all nations conduct radar to help them sail in bad weather, when information technology is possible to run across for a distance of perhaps simply a few hundred yards. In the past, the captain usually had to anchor his ship at such times and wait for atmospheric condition to improve. But today a ship with radar can sail in nigh whatever weather conditions, with no danger of an accident.
Radar also helps to guide aeroplanes beyond the globe. Radio signals called beams are transmitted into the sky from land radio stations at a number of points along their class. The pilots can hear these signals on their radio and come across them on their radar screen. The beams arg like sign-posts in the sky. A airplane pilot guides his plane towards 1 beam, and so flies on to the next beam. At the stop of his journey, he will land his aeroplane with the assist of radar.
Trained men at the airport picket the aeroplane on their radar screen and tell the pilot by radio the course to follow, they tell him when and by how much to reduce peak, and give any other orders that may exist necessary.
(Word count 539)
Reply the questions to text
i. The Lusitania was wrecked because
1) she was overloaded with ii thousand people aboard
2) of the fearful explosion of some substance she carried on board
three) she got sudden gaps in her bottom
4) she carried out military operations during the Outset World War
ii. Which of the following observations reflects the main idea of the text all-time of all?
1) Radar is i of the vitally important discoveries of the 20th century
2) Radar could have prevented the catastrophy of the Lusitania
3) To be able to employ radar one should know in detail how it works
4) Radar is widely used in aviation and sailing
three. Radar is very helpful in
one) forecasting conditions conditions.
ii) hitting various objects, such equally ships, aeroplanes, icebergs, hills.
3) recording the direction and speed of moving objects over a hundred miles away.
4) sending out radio-waves to transmit information.
4. Which of the following statements is not true?
i) At present the danger of surprise attacks confronting ships is eliminated by radar.
2) Before the invention of radar sailing must accept taken a longer time than now.
3) Ships all over the world began to deport radar non before the invention of the
radio.
iv) Radar is used for spotting afar objects.
5. It follows from the text that
1) the passengers of the Lusitania died in the accident.
ii) radar is used merely in bad weather condition weather condition, when we can see perchance no
farther than a hundred yards.
iii) the radar upshot would be impossible if the pulses were not reflected by the
target objects.
4) anyone can guide aeroplanes with the help of radar.
Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы
ТЕСТ
I. Выберите единственный правильный вариант из предложенных для заполнения пропуска.
1. The chairman proposed that the matter _____ at the adjacent meeting.
1) be decided
2) should decide
3) to be decided
iv) volition be decided
ii. If you lot _____ this volume you _____ to supplant it.
1) volition lose, will have
2) lose, volition have
iii) had lost, must
four) volition lose, volition need
3. Nosotros insist that a meeting _____ as soon as possible.
ane) to be held
2) should exist held
3) will be held
iv) to hold
iv. If Alison ____ another one-half hour'southward work, she ____ it by the fourth dimension the children get home.
1) has done; finished
two) would do; would have finished
3) does; will have finished
4) did; finishes
5. If you _____ more than than 10 books we _____ the toll of each book by 10%.
1) buy, will reduce
2) will purchase, reduce
3) will buy, volition reduce
iv) accept bought, reduced
6. Alison was very surprised and recommended that we ____ all the papers carefully.
1) volition cheque
2) are checking
three) might bank check
four) should check
7. If I ____ a pay rise, I'k going to buy a new motorcar.
1) will go
2) got
3) get
4) would get
8. Mary-Ann recommended that I _____ careful, and warned non to open up the door without request who information technology was.
one) need to exist
2) was to be
three) volition be
iv) be
9. I was a trifle taken aback, for my cousin spoke as though he _____ me earlier and I was afraid my friends would retrieve so.
1) never saw
two) has been seen
3) would accept never seen
4) had never seen
10. Henry took her hand and said, looking in her eyes: "I'd rather you ____ anyone virtually our chat."
i) tell
2) won't tell
3) didn't tell
4) don't tell
11. I wish you ____ me earlier that you can't come to dinner tonight.
1) tell
2) told
three) had told
four) had been told
12. The children rose _____ after the poor meal, as if they _____ at all.
i) hungry, did non swallow
2) hungrily, had not eaten
3) feeling hungry, have not eaten
4) hungry, had not eaten
13. "It's high time you lot ____ to look after yourself," Alison demanded.
i) learned
2) learn
three) had learned
4) take learned
14. Information technology's time that team ____ a match. They oasis't won a friction match for ages.
i) has won
2) wins
3) won
4) will win
15. I was every bit awkward and shy with her as if I _____ poor Henry.
one) had wounded
2) wounded
three) were wounded
4) had been wounded
Рекомендуемая литература
- English Grammat in Use, Raymond Murphy, Cambridge Academy Press, 1997
(pp 74-81)
- Advanced Grammar in Use, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Printing, 2000
( рр 198-207)
- Tests, Texts and Topics for your English Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 55-57)
- The Heinemann English Grammer, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992 ( рр 111-120)
- Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , А . Р . Жаворонкова , И . В . Извольская , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 71-76)
Source: https://englishon.ru/grammatika/266-conditionals-if-sentences-the-subjunctive.html
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